{"id":26175,"date":"2022-03-28T22:04:08","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T22:04:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/divi-agbio\/?post_type=ipm-pests&#038;p=26175"},"modified":"2024-03-11T14:49:25","modified_gmt":"2024-03-11T14:49:25","slug":"pale-western-cutworm","status":"publish","type":"ipm-pests","link":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/agbio\/ipm-pests\/pale-western-cutworm\/","title":{"rendered":"Pale western cutworm"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;squiggle-left&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; width=&#8221;75%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_module=&#8221;23371&#8243; saved_tabs=&#8221;all&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;36px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"TextRun SCXW206520832 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206520832 BCX0\">Pale western cutworm, <\/span><\/span><em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW206520832 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW206520832 BCX0\">Agrotis<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206520832 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW206520832 BCX0\">orthogonia<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h1>\n<p>Order: <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lepidoptera<\/span><br \/>Family: <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Noctuidae<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Description<\/h2>\n<p>Adult moths are light gray and have a wingspan of about 3.8 cm (1.5 inches). The forewings have a white undersurface and several distinct cross lines on the tips. Young larvae are about 1.3 cm (1\/2 inch) long with smooth, gray-white bodies, while mature larvae are 3.8 cm (1.5 inches) and develop a gray-green color. The caterpillars of pale western cutworm lack any distinct markings and can be confused with armyworm caterpillars. However, <a href=\"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/agbio\/ipm-pests\/true-armyworm\/\">armyworm<\/a> caterpillars are generally larger and have distinct stripes.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;Quick Facts&#8221; use_icon=&#8221;on&#8221; font_icon=&#8221;&#xf188;||fa||900&#8243; icon_color=&#8221;#F15625&#8243; image_icon_width=&#8221;36px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_level=&#8221;h3&#8243; header_font=&#8221;|||on|||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;26px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FEBD3B&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|4%||4%|false|true&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;4%|4%|4%|4%|true|true&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pale western cutworm is a major pest of winter grains but can also feed on other crops such as corn, sugar beets, alfalfa, and other small grains. This species is a subterranean cutworm, feeding on stems at the crown. Feeding results in severed stems, and entire fields may be lost in a matter of days.<\/li>\n<li>Mature larvae are 1.5 inches long, smooth-bodied, and a white or greyish color.<\/li>\n<li>Larvae prefer loose, sandy, or dusty soil and are found most easily in the driest parts of the field, such as hilltops.<\/li>\n<li>Outbreaks are associated with dry conditions during the previous spring<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb image=&#8221;https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/divi-agbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/127\/2022\/03\/Pale-Western-Cutworm-Adult.jpeg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Three species of white grubs.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; image_icon_custom_margin=&#8221;||-22px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Adult of pale western cutworm. <em>Image credit:<\/em> <i>John Capinera, University of Florida, Bugwood.org<\/i><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_blurb image=&#8221;https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/divi-agbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/127\/2022\/03\/Pale-Western-Cutworm.jpeg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Masked chafer adults.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; image_icon_custom_margin=&#8221;||-22px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Larva of pale western cutworm. Size comparison between a caterpillar and a penny. <em>Image credit: Phil Sloderbeck, Kansas State University, Bugwood.org<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb image=&#8221;https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/divi-agbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/127\/2022\/03\/Pale-Western-Cutworm-larva.jpeg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Japanese Beetle Larva.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; image_icon_custom_margin=&#8221;||-22px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Larva of pale western cutworm. <em>Image credit: Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb image=&#8221;https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/agbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/127\/2022\/03\/true-army-worm-3.jpeg&#8221; alt=&#8221;True armyworm.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; image_icon_custom_margin=&#8221;||-22px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Armyworm larva, <em>Mythimna unipuncta<\/em>, which is commonly confused with pale western cutworm. Distinguishing features of armyworm larvae include a larger body size and the presence of stripes. <em>Image credit: Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#F1F1F1&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Life history and habits<\/h2>\n<p>Adult moths emerge from the soil in late summer and fall. Peak flights generally coincide with tillage and planting of winter wheat. The moths are most active at night, and peak egg laying typically occurs in September. Eggs are laid in the top 1.3 cm (1\/2 inch) of loose soil in clusters of 30 to 40 eggs, and a single female can lay 250-300 eggs that usually hatch in late winter. Eggs can hatch sooner during warm periods of winter when temperatures exceed 21\u00b0C (70\u00b0F) at the soil surface. In nearby states such as Montana, this can occur in February through March. Larvae prefer loose, sandy, or dusty soil and are found most easily in the driest parts of the field, such as hilltops. They develop through six or eight instars through May and early June. After feeding is complete, larvae move to pupal chambers constructed below the soil surface, which typically occurs in August.<\/p>\n<p>While outbreaks of pale western cutworm are sporadic, this species is a potentially devastating pest of wheat grown in Colorado. Pale western cutworm populations can be expected to increase when the preceding May and June had fewer than 10 days with 1\/4 inch of rainfall. However, the pest population will remain very low when the rainfall exceeds 1\/4 inch for more than 15 days. This is because rainfall drives larvae to the soil surface where they are more exposed to natural enemies, such as pathogens and predatory birds.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<h2>\u00a0<\/h2>\n<h2>Injury<\/h2>\n<p>The pale western cutworm is a subterranean cutworm that primarily feeds at night on stems at the crown. Feeding results in severed stems, and entire fields may be lost in a matter of days. Leaf feeding, wilted leaves and dead tillers are good signs of cutworm feeding. Small grains such as wheat, corn and other crops are attacked by pale western cutworm. They have been known to occasionally host on weeds as well.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#F1F1F1&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Chemical control<\/h2>\n<p>Because of the sporadic nature of pale western cutworm outbreaks, management is limited to insecticides. The list of available products may vary depending on their registration status.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;CSU Extension Fact Sheet&#8221; url=&#8221;https:\/\/extension.colostate.edu\/docs\/pubs\/insect\/05577.pdf&#8221; use_icon=&#8221;on&#8221; font_icon=&#8221;&#xf0db;||fa||900&#8243; icon_color=&#8221;#F15625&#8243; image_icon_width=&#8221;36px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_level=&#8221;h2&#8243; header_font_size=&#8221;36px&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p>Download or view the CSU Extension&#8217;s PDF fact sheet for your reference.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<h2>\u00a0<\/h2>\n<h2>Additional reading<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Hein, G., J. Campbell, S. Danielson, and J. Kalisch. 1993.<\/strong> Management of the Army Cutworm and Pale Western Cutworm. University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Cooperative Extension. Available <a href=\"https:\/\/agresearch.montana.edu\/wtarc\/producerinfo\/entomology-insect-ecology\/Cutworms\/NebGuide.pdf\">https:\/\/agresearch.montana.edu\/wtarc\/producerinfo\/entomology-insect-ecology\/Cutworms\/NebGuide.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":26125,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":""},"ipm_pest_categories":[110],"integrated_pest_management_":[],"pest":[],"class_list":["post-26175","ipm-pests","type-ipm-pests","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","ipm_pest_categories-agricultural-insects"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pale western cutworm - Agricultural Biology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/agbio\/ipm-pests\/pale-western-cutworm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pale western cutworm - Agricultural Biology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pale western cutworm, Agrotis\u00a0orthogonia Order: LepidopteraFamily: Noctuidae Description Adult moths are light gray and have a wingspan of about 3.8 cm (1.5 inches). 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