{"id":26182,"date":"2022-03-28T22:36:09","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T22:36:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/divi-agbio\/?post_type=ipm-pests&#038;p=26182"},"modified":"2024-03-08T20:25:22","modified_gmt":"2024-03-08T20:25:22","slug":"black-grass-bugs","status":"publish","type":"ipm-pests","link":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/agbio\/ipm-pests\/black-grass-bugs\/","title":{"rendered":"Black grass bugs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;squiggle-left&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; width=&#8221;75%&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_module=&#8221;23371&#8243; saved_tabs=&#8221;all&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;36px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW343765\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW343765\">Black grass bugs<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Order: <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Hemiptera<\/span><br \/>Family: Miridae<\/p>\n<h2>Description<\/h2>\n<p>Black grass bugs are an assemblage of insect species from two genera, <em>Irbisia<\/em> spp. and <em>Lapobs<\/em> spp. They are small, black true bugs that are native to the western rangeland and can cause considerable damage to certain range grasses. These insects have been reported in Arizona, Colorado, South Dakota, North Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Oregon, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Several species of black grass bugs can be found in Colorado, with the most common being <em>Labops hesperius<\/em>. A second species, <em>Irbisia brachycera<\/em> may be locally abundant as well. Adult black grass bugs are 6.5 mm (\u00bc inch) in length. Adults of <em>I. brachycera<\/em> are mostly black, while adults of <em>L. hesperius<\/em> have black bodies with white margins on the wings and abdomen. It should be noted that <em>Labops<\/em> spp. are very similar morphologically. Immature stages of black grass bugs are similar in appearance to adults, but smaller. One generation of black grass bugs is produced annually.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;Quick Facts&#8221; use_icon=&#8221;on&#8221; font_icon=&#8221;&#xf188;||fa||900&#8243; icon_color=&#8221;#F15625&#8243; image_icon_width=&#8221;36px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_level=&#8221;h3&#8243; header_font=&#8221;|||on|||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;26px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FEBD3B&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|4%||4%|false|true&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;4%|4%|4%|4%|true|true&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Black grass bugs are small, black true bugs that are native to the western rangeland and can cause considerable damage to certain range grasses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Injury is most pronounced on the upper surface of the leaf and may look straw-colored, similar to frost damage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Injury may make grass unpalatable to cattle or prevent seed formation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb image=&#8221;https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/divi-agbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/127\/2022\/03\/black-grass-bug-2-1.jpeg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Three species of white grubs.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; image_icon_custom_margin=&#8221;||-22px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Black grass bug. <em>Image credit:<\/em> <i>Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org.\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_blurb image=&#8221;https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/divi-agbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/127\/2022\/03\/black-grass-bug-1.jpeg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Masked chafer adults.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; image_icon_custom_margin=&#8221;||-22px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><em>Image credit: Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb image=&#8221;https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/divi-agbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/127\/2022\/03\/black-grass-bug-3.jpeg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Japanese Beetle Larva.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; image_icon_custom_margin=&#8221;||-22px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><em>Image credit: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#F1F1F1&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Life history and habits<\/h2>\n<p>Black grass bugs overwinter as eggs that hatch the following spring. Peak feeding tends to occur in late spring and early summer since the emergence of nymphs is associated with the greening of early season wheatgrass (<em>Agropyron<\/em> spp.), although delayed hatch is observed during colder springs. Early season nymphs tend to reside in grass detritus and soil cracks and develop through five instars. Development is complete in about one month, depending on environmental conditions, most notably temperature and photoperiod. Females lay eggs in the center of dried stems. An adult female can lay around 20 eggs over a one-month lifespan.<\/p>\n<p>Black grass bugs are most active during the evening hours. These insects live in close association with their host grasses, with monocultures of crested wheatgrasses supporting large and destructive populations of black grass bugs. These insects have been observed leaving grass stands that are heavily consumed by cattle. In Colorado, black grass bugs have been documented expanding from sub acre plots of crested wheatgrass to thousands of acres in as little as a few years. Black grass bugs produce one generation each year.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Injury<\/h2>\n<p>Black grass bugs have a wide range of hosts. These insects prefer feeding on grasses and have a strong preference for crested wheatgrass. Most injury to crops occurs in the spring with their piercing\/sucking feeding, which results in the destruction of chlorophyll and reduces grass vigor and palatability to cattle. White spots appear on the leaf surface at the site of feeding soon after. Injury is most pronounced on the upper surface of the leaf and may look straw-colored, like frost damage. Heavy infestations may prevent seed formation, and when combined with drought conditions or grazing, repeated infestations can kill host plants. Feeding injuries can also be observed in crops adjacent to rangelands.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#F1F1F1&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Monitoring<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-9\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<p>Scouting for black grass bugs should be conducted in the spring as temperatures warm and the eggs begin to hatch. The use of sweep nets is a common scouting method, although action thresholds for black grass bugs have not been established.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Cultural control<\/h2>\n<p>Mowing and removal of hay may be a management technique for reducing the number of eggs in some circumstances. Similarly, grazing management that results in uniformly short vegetation, as opposed to mosaic grazing or resting of the pasture, can significantly reduce the impact of black grass bugs in crested wheatgrass. However, this approach may destroy new plantings of crested wheatgrass and can also reduce the availability of habitat for natural enemies, such as assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).<\/p>\n<h2>Chemical control<\/h2>\n<p>Due to environmental considerations and costs, insecticides are not typically recommended for managing black grass bugs. Insecticides will kill the adult insects but will have no effect on eggs laid in grass stems. If enough eggs are present, a reinfestation may occur in the next growing season. One well timed application of insecticide may reduce bug numbers to a non-economic level for many years.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-9\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#F1F1F1&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;CSU Extension Fact Sheet&#8221; url=&#8221;https:\/\/extension.colostate.edu\/docs\/pubs\/insect\/05575.pdf&#8221; use_icon=&#8221;on&#8221; font_icon=&#8221;&#xf0db;||fa||900&#8243; icon_color=&#8221;#F15625&#8243; image_icon_width=&#8221;36px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_level=&#8221;h2&#8243; header_font_size=&#8221;36px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Download or view the CSU Extension&#8217;s PDF fact sheet for your reference.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Squiggle&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; saved_tabs=&#8221;all&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\t\t<div style=\"width: 146px; height: 8px; max-width: 100%; position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<svg\n                width=\"100%\"\n                height=\"100%\"\n                xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n                x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\n                viewBox=\"0 0 145.1 8\"\n                xml:space=\"preserve\"\n                style=\"position: absolute; top: 0\"\n            >\n\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\td=\"M144.1 4c-3.6 3.3-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S119.1.7 115.5 4s-10.7 3.3-14.3 0S90.4.7 86.9 4 76.1 7.3 72.6 4 61.8.7 58.3 4 47.5 7.3 43.9 4 33.2.7 29.6 4 18.9 7.3 15.3 4 4.6.7 1 4\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"#f15727\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Kneeland, A. 2010.<\/strong> Detection and integrated pest management for black grass bugs. A Thesis: University of Wyoming. Available <a href=\"https:\/\/colostate.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_journals_807621184&amp;context=PC&amp;vid=01COLSU_INST:01COLSU&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=MyCampus_FC_CI_PU_P&amp;adaptor=Primo%20Central&amp;tab=Everything&amp;query=any,contains,black%20grass%20bug%20management&amp;offset=0\">https:\/\/colostate.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_journals_807621184&amp;context=PC&amp;vid=01COLSU_INST:01COLSU&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=MyCampus_FC_CI_PU_P&amp;adaptor=Primo%20Central&amp;tab=Everything&amp;query=any,contains,black%20grass%20bug%20management&amp;offset=0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>O\u2019Neill, K., S. Blodgett, B. Olson, and R. Miller. 2008.<\/strong> Impact of livestock grazing on abundance of miridae and reduviidae (Hemiptera) in crested wheatgrass pastures. Journal of Economic Entomology. 101(2): 309-313. 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