{"id":246,"date":"2015-04-14T21:41:25","date_gmt":"2015-04-14T21:41:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/?page_id=246"},"modified":"2025-02-25T17:17:09","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T17:17:09","slug":"future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/","title":{"rendered":"Future Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"FOA-Oversite\"<\/a>Oversight<\/h3>\n

Basic Premise: In order to have effective agriculture development\u00a0projects aimed at poverty alleviation,\u00a0the basic premises under which programs are designed have to be accurate, or the more accurate the basic premise the more effective the results. For the past 30 years the agriculture development effort has been guided by a basic premise that may be more superficial than comprehensive and really needs to be carefully reviewed and perhaps modified so that future projects can be more effective in terms of alleviating rural poverty and provide a better return on the development dollars being invested.\u00a0The basic premise that was initiated with the initial farming systems effort, accurately observed that smallholder producers were inefficient users of their physical environment.\u00a0This was attributed to the smallholders being risk aversive and deliberately delaying their basic crop establishment waiting for more assured rainfall or other conditions.\u00a0They then suggest the economic well being of smallholders could be substantially improved with the resources already available to them to manage their lands by improved technology, credit for inputs,\u00a0and better motivation for timelier crop establishment, attempting to take advantage of early rains that when the monthly variability approaches 100%. This is about two or three times the variability most people will accept for planning purposes leaving incident rainfall something farmers can only respond to as it occurs. The basic premise claiming it is possible to assist smallholder farmers with the operational resources already available has been accepted and repeatedly repeated in the development literature and documentation, but never actually confirmed with any solid studies.\u00a0Does anyone know of any actual studies confirming smallholders to be risk aversive, and not just documentation that repeats the assumption of risk aversion?\u00a0The latest manifestation of the\u00a0basic premise\u00a0is some of the current suggestions of “mobilizing the male idleness\u00a0in Africa” for some of the value-chain projects.<\/p>\n

Premise Accuracy:<\/strong><\/span> The basic premise as stated above\u00a0is in reality an excellent starting point and one has to start with some hypothesis, but after 30 years it should have been fully verified. Now the question is, \u201chow accurate a basic premise is it\u201d?\u00a0It is a convenient and easily promotable hypothesis, particularly for agronomists, as it allows\u00a0them to continue concentrating on small plot research, publish the results in\u00a0their normal referred journals that have difficulty reaching the hosts, let alone\u00a0the beneficiaries,\u00a0and promoting the results directly to extension for use by the producers, with the expectation that they are knowledge limited and can directly make use of the research results once they understand them.\u00a0However, it overlooks\u00a0the\u00a0basic problem with agronomy in that agronomy trials only provide a biological response to the physical environment. Finished!!\u00a0Agronomy research does nothing to determine if the farmers have the operational resources to extend the\u00a0small plots results to the rest of their\u00a0land holding\u00a0or whatever proportion of the holding\u00a0is desired.\u00a0Operational resources exclude the normal capital inputs\u00a0of fertilizer, seeds and plant protection chemicals or credit to purchase them, that many projects effectively or perhaps over effectively address, but includes the labor and\u00a0those things\u00a0such as\u00a0access to mechanization that can substitute for labor, and relieve the overall drudgery of smallholder farming. Somehow, the availability of these resources is just assumed, and most often completely overlooked in the development effort even today. Please, anyone check the project documentation available to them to see how these issues are addressed, if addressed at all, and not just assumed!!<\/p>\n

Who is Responsible: These operational resources appear be an administrative void in the development effort.\u00a0While the economists can fairly easily determine the amount of person days it might take to complete a task, such as 60 person days to transplant a hectare of rice, no one seems to assume the responsibility to determine how much labor is actually available within a community, and based on that how long it will take for that labor pool to migrate across the community. Please, who is responsible for this determination?!\u00a0Isn\u2019t\u00a0this information critical for extending research results beyond\u00a0the demonstration plots, particularly for quality sensitive, high risk, value chain crops currently being heavily promoted for smallholders\u2019 benefit? You cannot expect wide level of acceptance if the farmers cannot muster the\u00a0means to do it, even\u00a0once they have the knowledge and desire. One of the main features of value chain crops for export is quality. This is also where many smallholder out-grower schemes appear to have problems. How often is the export quality associated to additional labor inputs? Thus while value chain projects based on enhancing the marketing opportunities is addressing the most critical determinant of what farmers will produce, if the means to extend it much beyond the demonstration field is not available there will be little sustainable impact. When this happens high value does not always translate into high profit. It might translate into high discards of produce not meeting strict quality standards, and the smallholder beneficiaries being financially hurt for participating in the value chain project for which the do not have sufficient resources to meet the strict quality standards.<\/p>\n

Time Spread: Has anyone ever taken a close look at the spread in crop establishment? The data is often available from economic farm records or farm survey data, but the analysis is rarely actually done. When it is done, most of the time it will indicate a community spread of up to eight weeks starting at the earliest opportunity and progressing linearly for the entire period.\u00a0No\u00a0apparent delays, etc. other than in response to incident climatic conditions that have to be responded to rather then anticipated. Examples, that represent 100% of the analytical opportunities available to the author, would include:<\/p>\n

Rainfed rice in Iloilo, the Philippines;<\/p>\n

The Mahwali area of Sri Lanka,<\/p>\n

Nile Valley and Delta of Egypt and<\/p>\n

Mbeya area of Tanzania.<\/p>\n

Deliberate delaying crop establishment would actually put smallholders\u2019\u00a0food security, already severely jeopardized, at additional risk, and at least on second thought just does not make good logic.\u00a0Perhaps it would be better if, instead of assuming smallholders are risk aversive assume they are mandatory risk takers, and their very survival depends on it.\u00a0Any risk aversive smallholders most likely starved to death a couple decades ago. Are there any actual studies that would contradict this, even though well established and repeated in the development literature? Would it be possible to consider that\u00a0smallholder producers are more likely “maxed out” and most likely\u00a0more constrained by the resources to manage their land than the amount of land available to them? Are there any definitive studies that can contradict this? In this case the limited resources available to manage their land are a major drag on the physical potential as defined by the agronomists. If it is taking eight weeks for basic crop establishment, what will happen to the follow-up activities such as weeding etc. and how about all the quality sensitive, high risk, high value,\u00a0value chain crops envisioned to reduce poverty for smallholders?\u00a0How much of the strict quality requirements are dependent on labor and timeliness? The question is as one reviews a smallholder community, how do you separate the problems of limited knowledge from limited means? This can not be done from any visual observations. How will that differentiation impact on how you proceed to assist the producers? If knowledge is truly limiting then extension is correct. However, if the means are limited then you will need to concentrate on enhancing the resources available to the farmers.<\/p>\n

Integration: This is really an area where it might be good to separate agriculture researchers from agriculture development professionals.\u00a0For researchers, who frequently work out of experiment stations with a broad geographic mandate, the objective is to simply develop information or technology and inform the clients about the availability of the technology. However, the development professional, working with a more restricted geographical area such as a community and in close contact with the beneficiaries, are\u00a0or should be mandated to take research information a step further and monitor the acceptance of innovations at least until a targeted level of acceptance within the community has been reached.\u00a0There are some technology transfer – extension models that actually address this issue.\u00a0They contain an integration component that represents an iterative step cycling back from acceptance to research.\u00a0As illustrated in the graph adapted from Lionberger & Gwinn\u2019s text.\u00a0This is actually were the participatory involvement is even more essential than at the beginning of a project.\u00a0The key here is to evaluate what might be referred to as the Operational Constraints and look at the Supporting Technologies that will facilitate the farmers\u2019 acceptance, and then promote the supporting technologies.\u00a0There can be some very legitimate reasons, other than knowledge and desire, why farmers can not immediately accept innovations and will require some additional assistance.\u00a0A case study of the integration process is the Malawi Adaptive Research Program effort to introduce a potato-wheat sequence cropping pattern in the Deza Hills area south of Lilongwe. If the integration step was recognized early in the assistance effort the resource limitation of the smallholder producers might have been identified earlier and the necessary adjustments made in the basic programs and projects designed to assist the smallholders. Unfortunately, for agronomist integration activities are often more difficult to get accepted in the standard agronomic publications, if this is necessary for career advancement.<\/p>\n

Resource Enhancement: The solution to this overall problem is to enhance the resources the farmers have to manage their land. This often implies mechanization or perhaps better stated access to mechanization or other means of drudgery relief. However, the concept seems to be completely overlooked in the agriculture development effort. The best example is the substantial gains in rice based agriculture in Asia. However, look closely, how much of the acceptance of the “green revolution” and other advances in rice producing Asia can be attributed to the retiring of the water buffalo if favor of the power tillers? Would the gains be possible without the conversion? According to some smallholder paddy farmers in rainfed areas of Northeast Thailand the conversion to power tillers halved the paddy establishment time, and then with the paddy production under control the farmers were able to spontaneously change into value-chain high value enterprises such as contract vegetable production for the Japanese markets and aquaculture with poultry or pig production suspended over the fishponds. However, is this mentioned in any of the documentation on improved food security in Asia by the development community? Has anyone looked at the impact of the conversion to power tillers on total agriculture production and the economic well being of the paddy farmers? It seems the whole concept of operational resource enhancement is totally under the development community\u2019s radar. This has resulted in all the paddy mechanization, which now extends to contract access to small combines originally developed in Japan that can operate within a 1 rai (1\/6 th hectare) field, being self-financed without any assistance from the development effort. Could a good micro-finance project have expedited this?<\/p>\n

Africa Mechanization: The same can be seen slowly taking place in Africa.\u00a0Interestingly, the initial rural mechanization in Africa is the village grain mills that can effectively reduce the domestic drudgery of women.\u00a0While some of these have been part of income generation programs for women’s clubs, the vast majority are individually owned and self financed. It might be interesting to see what the agronomic impact of that might be.\u00a0It is unlikely any African women will have difficulty making good use of any extra time saved from pounding maize. The shift to\u00a0village grain mills\u00a0is rapidly becoming fact accompli for much of Africa, with the women pounding maize becoming a relic of the past similar to the little boy riding the back of the water buffalo to or from the paddies has in Asia.\u00a0However, other efforts at mechanization and drudgery relief are quietly proceeding in Africa.\u00a0Again this is all self financed with limited if any donor assistance.\u00a0It would include some 50 Asian power tillers coming into Madibira during the five years after donor funding ended in December 2000.\u00a0Madibira is a 3000 ha rice irrigation scheme in southern Tanzania some 70 km off the tarmac.\u00a0It would also include used 4-wheel tractors that also were individually purchased and brought into Madibira after external funding ended.<\/p>\n

It is also the case for motorized pumps replacing treadle pumps in Zambia.\u00a0Interestingly, the heavily promoted labor intensive treadle pumps are distributed almost exclusively via NGOs on credit, with a very limited number being sold on the open market, but farmers graduating to motor pumps have to self finance at approximately 5x the cost of treadle pumps by selling cattle or some other means. The small 5 hp motor pumps could double the command area of the treadle pumps. The same is true in Egypt where the animal powered saqua has been virtually completely replaced with single cylinder Lister-Pitter diesel pumps from India.\u00a0How much of this is a lost opportunity for the development community to have a major impact on rural poverty alleviation? What is the potential of having a major impact if the issue of operational resource enhancement and access to mechanization continues to be overlooked by the development community?<\/p>\n

Impact of Hunger<\/p>\n

If the farmers are more limited by the resources to manage their land than the land available to them so that it takes eight weeks or more just to complete the initial crop established, the question might be what, if anything, hunger contributes to this apparent delay, and how might that relate to the concept of \u201cmale idleness\u201d? The eight weeks is about twice what most people project. While most of the development documentation recognizes that smallholders are poor, may not be producing sufficient food to meet the subsistence needs of their families,\u00a0and\u00a0improving their plight is one of the main objectives of development efforts,\u00a0rarely do development projects\u00a0factor in\u00a0how hunger might\u00a0hinder the implementation of their projects.\u00a0One of the\u00a0main stereotypes\u00a0of the\u00a0African subsistence farmers is that they only produce enough food\u00a0for six months.\u00a0Ok, if this is true, will they not be running out of food just as they are expected to begin the heavy manual\u00a0labor for the next season farming?\u00a0Thus, if they only produce enough food for six months, what do they do for the other six months, how will this impact on the\u00a0coming season’s\u00a0crop\u00a0husbandry, and their ability to\u00a0utilize any time sensitive\u00a0recommendations intended for their benefit, particularly any value chain, high value, high risk, quality sensitive crops that most likely require more additional labor inputs?<\/p>\n

Caloric Energy Balance: The concern here is the basic caloric energy balance.\u00a0For example, if it takes roughly 2500 calories to sustain a person for a day, and then an additional 280 calories for every hour of sustainable physical effort working in their garden or fields, the total calorie requirements for a day will\u00a0approach 5000 calories.\u00a0Are smallholders able to consume this amount on a daily basis?\u00a0To obtain that many calories would require a diet of roughly 1.3 kg of either maize meal or uncooked rice, 2.8 kg of cassava or 3.8 kg of plantains. How many impoverished people can actually consume that amount?\u00a0For those who have enjoyed the informal hospitality of smallholders in the communities they have worked, has this amount of produce been readily provided? This would exclude any feast prepared for visiting appraisal or evaluation teams that would most likely represent more than is normally available. More typically would be the Cambodia average daily consumption of 435 g rice, which according to FAO represents the highest average daily per capita rice consumption in the world. The 435 g of rice would provide less than 2000 calories or somewhat less than what is required for daily maintenance and\u00a0less than half that needed to effectively put in an eight hour day of field work.\u00a0This will only provide energy and not the protein, vitamins, minerals and\u00a0other dietary requirements needed for a\u00a0healthy person undertaking extensive field work.\u00a0If you look at the consumer prices for Tanzania, it will cost you $0.30, $0.85, $1.09, and $0.61 for the amount of maize, rice, cassava and plantain, respectively mentioned above. If you are living in poverty with a per capita income of US$\/day or less, what percent of your income will have to be spent just to get the energy needed for a full day’s effort.\u00a0Similar analysis could be done for Afghanistan, Viet Nam, Nepal, the Philippines or Egypt.<\/p>\n

The bottom line here is before one deems someone as idle; please make certain they have daily access to sufficient diet to do the work envisioned.\u00a0If they don\u2019t have a 5000 calorie diet, maybe the people considered idle are as idle as one of those Massy 165 farm tractors, scattered around smallholder communities in many parts of Africa, that are out of diesel and operating on deferred maintenance so they are long over due for a good servicing and other attention needed for efficient operations.\u00a0Male idleness is most likely hunger and exhaustion, and that needs to be clearly determined before making any effort to mobilize it for value-chained projects.<\/p>\n

These look like\u00a0fairly basic computations.\u00a0The basic information on caloric requirements and caloric content for various foods is readily available from numerous internet websites. This would be mostly a desk effort plus some quick field studies to see what typical beneficiary\u2019s consumption is. How much time, effort, and expense relative to the investment in projects attempting to mobilize male idleness would it take to make these studies and confirm the investment has the potential for sustainable success? It is therefore somewhat surprising they are not included in the documentation for many of the projects that propose value chain marketing of high value, high risk, and quality sensitive crops based on mobilized male idleness. These calorie balancing computations\u00a0should be included in future project documentation so people are not committed to work on empty tanks. Unless, the project objective is more what can be promoted for the smallholders\u2019 benefits, than what can actually be accomplished. Perhaps, those committing public funds without requesting these basic computations should be compelled to back the commitment with personal financial resources.<\/p>\n

Last Revised: 4 July 2007<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Oversight Basic Premise: In order to have effective agriculture development\u00a0projects aimed at poverty alleviation,\u00a0the basic premises under which programs are designed have to be accurate, or the more accurate the basic premise the more effective the results. For the past 30 years the agriculture development effort has been guided by a basic premise that may…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":134,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-246","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nFuture Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise - Smallholder Agriculture<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Future Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise - Smallholder Agriculture\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Oversight Basic Premise: In order to have effective agriculture development\u00a0projects aimed at poverty alleviation,\u00a0the basic premises under which programs are designed have to be accurate, or the more accurate the basic premise the more effective the results. For the past 30 years the agriculture development effort has been guided by a basic premise that may…\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Smallholder Agriculture\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-02-25T17:17:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2015\/03\/FOA-Oversite.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"376\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"256\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\\\/\",\"name\":\"Future Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise - Smallholder Agriculture\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/smallholderagriculture.wpagsci.colostate.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/77\\\/2015\\\/03\\\/FOA-Oversite.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-04-14T21:41:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-02-25T17:17:09+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/smallholderagriculture.wpagsci.colostate.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/77\\\/2015\\\/03\\\/FOA-Oversite.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/smallholderagriculture.wpagsci.colostate.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/77\\\/2015\\\/03\\\/FOA-Oversite.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Future Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/\",\"name\":\"Smallholder Agriculture\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/agsci.colostate.edu\\\/smallholderagriculture\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Future Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise - Smallholder Agriculture","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Future Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise - Smallholder Agriculture","og_description":"Oversight Basic Premise: In order to have effective agriculture development\u00a0projects aimed at poverty alleviation,\u00a0the basic premises under which programs are designed have to be accurate, or the more accurate the basic premise the more effective the results. For the past 30 years the agriculture development effort has been guided by a basic premise that may…","og_url":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/","og_site_name":"Smallholder Agriculture","article_modified_time":"2025-02-25T17:17:09+00:00","og_image":[{"width":376,"height":256,"url":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2015\/03\/FOA-Oversite.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"14 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/","url":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/","name":"Future Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise - Smallholder Agriculture","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/smallholderagriculture.wpagsci.colostate.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2015\/03\/FOA-Oversite.jpg","datePublished":"2015-04-14T21:41:25+00:00","dateModified":"2025-02-25T17:17:09+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/smallholderagriculture.wpagsci.colostate.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2015\/03\/FOA-Oversite.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/smallholderagriculture.wpagsci.colostate.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2015\/03\/FOA-Oversite.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/future-of-aid-oversight-in-the-basic-premise\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Future Of AID: Oversight in the Basic Premise"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/#website","url":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/","name":"Smallholder Agriculture","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/134"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=246"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/246\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1457,"href":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/246\/revisions\/1457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agsci.colostate.edu\/smallholderagriculture\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}