
- Ph D, Colorado State University; Bioagricultural Sciences
- MS, Colorado State University; Plant Breeding and Genetics
- BS, Colorado State University; Soil and Crop Sciences
My research goal is to support sustainable weed management that helps contribute to sustainable cropping systems. To that end, I am interested in research to identify the molecular and genetic basis of complex herbicide resistance mechanisms; utilizing next-generation sequencing to study complex traits in weeds; and developing molecular markers for rapid resistance diagnostics. Research projects in my lab study changes in evolutionary trajectories of weedy species due to human management (specifically herbicides and herbicide resistance evolution), and develop genomics and bioinformatics resources to study herbicide resistance traits in weedy species and crops.
Leal, Jessica, dos Santos Souza, Amanda, Borella, Junior, Araujo, , Langaro, Ana Claudia, Chapeta, Ana Carolina, Amorim, Eduardo S, Silva, Gabriela S, Morran, Sarah, Zobiole, Luiz Henrique S, Gaines, Todd A, Pinho, Camila, (2022) Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis) resistant to PSI-inhibiting herbicides and physiological responses to paraquat Weed Science 70 46-54
Figueiredo, Marcelo RA, Kuepper, Anita, Malone, Jenna M, Petrovic, Tijana, Figueiredo, Ana Beatriz TB, Campagnola, Grace, Peersen, Olve B, Prasad, Kasavajhala VSK, Patterson, Eric, Reddy, Anireddy N, Kubes, Martin, Napier, Richard, Dayan, Franck E, Preston, Christopher, Gaines, Todd A, (2022) An in-frame deletion mutation in the degron tail of auxin co-receptor IAA2 confers resistance to the herbicide 2, 4-D in Sisymbrium orientale Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 199 e2105819119
Gaines, Todd A, Busi, Roberto, Kuepper, Anita, (2021) Can new herbicide discovery allow weed management to outpace resistance evolution? Pest Management Science 77 7 3036--3041
Kumar, Vipan, Liu, Rui, Currie, Randall S, Jha, Prashant, Morran, Sarah, Gaines, Todd A, Stahlman, Phillip W, (2021) Cross-resistance to atrazine and metribuzin in multiple herbicide-resistant kochia accessions: Confirmation, mechanism, and management Weed Technology 35 539-546
Ou, Junjun, Gaines, Todd A, Fritz, Allan K, Stahlman, Phillip W, Jugulam, Mithila, (2021) Dicamba resistance in kochia from Kansas and Nebraska evolved independently Pest Management Science 77 1 126-130
Kumar, Vipan, Liu, Rui, Manuchehri, Misha R, Westra, Eric Philip, Gaines, Todd A, Shelton, Chad W, (2021) Feral rye control in quizalofop-resistant wheat in central Great Plains Agronomy Journal 113 1 407--418
Ravet, Karl, Sparks, Crystal Devona, Dixon, Andrea L, Kuepper, Anita, Westra, Eric Philip, Pettinga, Dean Jacob, Tranel, Patrick J, Felix, Joel, Morishita, Don W, Jha, Prashant, Kniss, Andrew, Stahlman, Phillip, Neve, Paul, Patterson, Eric, Westra, Philip, Gaines, Todd A, (2021) Genomic-based epidemiology reveals independent origins and gene flow of glyphosate resistance in Bassia scoparia populations across North America Molecular Ecology 30 21 5343--5359
Gaines, Todd A, Slavov, Gancho T, Hughes, David, Kuepper, Anita, Sparks, Crystal Devona, Oliva, Julian, Vila-Aiub, Martin M, Garcia, Alejandro, Merotto, Jr, Aldo, Neve, Paul, (2021) Investigating the origins and evolution of a glyphosate-resistant weed invasion in South America Molecular Ecology 30 21 5360--5372
Rigon, Carlos Alberto Gonsiorkiewicz, Cutti, Luan, Angonese, Paula Sinigaglia, Sulzbach, Estefani, Markus, Catarine, Gaines, Todd A, Junior, Aldo Merotto, , (2021) The safener isoxadifen does not increase herbicide resistance evolution in recurrent selection with fenoxaprop Plant Science 313 111097
Jones-Diamond, Sally Marie, Mason, Esten, Johnson, Jerry J, Haley, Scott D, Asfeld, Ed P, Tyler, Roger Whitaker, Kluth, Danica L, Meyer, Ron Francis, Trujillo, Wilma, Kaan, Dennis A, Roesch, K., Larson, Kevin, Douglas-Mankin, Kyle, Pettinger, Brett Terrill, Gaines, Todd A, Westra, Eric Philip, Shelton, Chad, Erker, Brad, Roberts, Robyn, Pottorff, Laura, Novak, Rick Allen, Nachappa, Punya, Cockrell, Darren Matthew, Peirce, Erika Sasha, (2021) "TR21-3: Making Better Decisions, 2020 Colorado Winter Wheat Variety Performance Trials" Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station
Giacomini, Darci A, Patterson, Eric, KĂŒpper, Anita, Beffa, Roland S, Gaines, Todd A, Tranel, Patrick J, (2020) Coexpression clusters and allele-specific expression in metabolism-based herbicide resistance Genome biology and evolution 12 12 2267-2278
Mendes, Rafael R, Takano, Hudson K, Leal, Jéssica F, Souza, Amanda S, Morran, Sarah, Oliveira, Jr, Rubem S, Adegas, Fernando S, Gaines, Todd A, Dayan, Franck E, (2020) Evolution of EPSPS double mutation imparting glyphosate resistance in wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) PloS one 15 9 e0238818
Vieira, Bruno C, Luck, Joe D, Amundsen, Keenan L, Werle, Rodrigo, Gaines, Todd A, Kruger, Greg R, (2020) Herbicide drift exposure leads to reduced herbicide sensitivity in Amaranthus spp Scientific reports 10 1 1-11
Soni, Neeta, Nissen, Scott J, Westra, Philip, Norsworthy, Jason K, Walsh, Michael J, Gaines, Todd A, (2020) Seed retention of winter annual grass weeds at winter wheat harvest maturity shows potential for harvest weed seed control Weed Technology 34 2 266--271
Todd, Olivia Elizabeth, Figueiredo, Marcelo R. A., Morran, Sarah, Soni, Neeta, Preston, Christopher, KubeĆĄ, Martin F., Napier, Richard, Gaines, Todd A, (2020) Synthetic auxin herbicides: finding the lock and key to weed resistance Plant Science 300 110631
Gaines, Todd A, (2020) The quick and the dead: a new model for the essential role of ABA accumulation in synthetic auxin herbicide mode of action Journal of experimental botany 71 12 3383-3385
Kagueyama Takano, Hudson, Melo, Marcel, Ovejero, Rafael, Westra, Philip, Gaines, Todd A, Dayan, Franck E, (2020) Trp2027Cys mutation evolves in Digitaria insularis with cross-resistance to ACCase inhibitors Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 164 1-6
Takano, Hudson K, Fernandes, Vanessa NA, Adegas, Fernando S, Oliveira, Jr, Rubem S, Westra, Philip, Gaines, Todd A, Dayan, Franck E, (2020) A novel TIPT double mutation in EPSPS conferring glyphosate resistance in tetraploid Bidens subalternans Pest Management Science 76 1 95--102
Mendes, Rafael R, Kagueyama Takano, Hudson, Oliveira, Rubem S, Adegas, Fernando S, Gaines, Todd A, Dayan, Franck E, (2020) A Trp574Leu target-site mutation confers imazamox resistance in multiple herbicide-resistant wild poinsettia populations from Brazil Agronomy 10 8 1057
Gaines, Todd A, (2020) Mechanisms of evolved herbicide resistance Journal of Biological Chemistry 295 10307-10330
Mendes, Rafael R, Kagueyama Takano, Hudson, Adegas, Fernando S, Oliveira, Rubem S, Gaines, Todd A, Dayan, Franck E, (2020) Arg-128-Leu target-site mutation in PPO2 evolves in wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) with cross-resistance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides Weed Science 68 5 437-444
Gaines, Todd A, Kraehmer, Hansjoerg, (2019) "Grass Gene Sequences and Traits" Wiley
Gaines, Todd A, (2019) "Grass Sequencing Projects" Wiley
Gaines, Todd A, Patterson, Eric, Neve, Paul, (2019) "Molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution revealed by global selection for glyphosate resistance" NEW PHYTOLOGIST 223 4 1770-1775
Patterson, Eric, Saski, Christopher, Kuepper, Anita, Beffa, Roland, Gaines, Todd A, (2019) Omics potential in herbicide-resistant weed management Plants 8 607
Sarangi, Debalin, Stephens, Trey, Barker, Abigail L., Patterson, Eric, Gaines, Todd A, Jhala, Amit J., (2019) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor-resistant waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Nebraska is multiple herbicide resistant: confirmation, mechanism of resistance, and management WEED SCIENCE 67 5 510-520
Vieira, Bruno C., Luck, Joe D., Amundsen, Keenan L., Gaines, Todd A, Werle, Rodrigo, Kruger, Greg R., (2019) Response of Amaranthus spp. following exposure to sublethal herbicide rates via spray particle drift PLOS ONE 14 7
Westra, Eric Philip, Nissen, Scott J, Getts, Thomas J, Westra, Philip, Gaines, Todd A, (2019) Survey reveals frequency of multiple resistance to glyphosate and dicamba in kochia (Bassia scoparia) Weed Technology 33 5 664-672
Patterson, Eric, Saski, Christopher A, Sloan, Daniel B, Tranel, Patrick, Westra, Phil, Gaines, Todd A, (2019) The draft genome of Kochia scoparia and the mechanism of glyphosate resistance via transposon-mediated EPSPS tandem gene duplication Genome Biology and Evolution 11 10 2927-2940
Patterson, Eric, Saski, Christopher A, Sloan, Daniel B, Tranel, Patrick, Westra, Phil, Gaines, Todd A, (2019) The Draft Genome of Kochia scoparia and the Mechanism of Glyphosate Resistance via Transposon-Mediated EPSPS Tandem Gene Duplication BioRxiv 600072
Takano, Hudson K, Fernandes, Vanessa NA, Adegas, Fernando S, Oliveira, Jr, Rubem S, Westra, Philip, Gaines, Todd A, Dayan, Franck E, (2019) A novel TIPT double mutation in EPSPS conferring glyphosate resistance in tetraploid Bidens subalternans Pest management science 76 95â102
Takano, Hudson K., Patterson, Eric, Nissen, Scott J, Dayan, Franck E, Gaines, Todd A, (2019) Predicting herbicide movement across semi-permeable membranes using three phase partitioning PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 159 22-26
Takano, Hudson K, Mendes, Rafael R, Scoz, Leonardo B, Ovejero, Ramiro F Lopez, Constantin, Jamil, Gaines, Todd A, Westra, Philip, Dayan, Franck E, Oliveira, Rubem S, (2019) Proline-106 EPSPS mutation imparting glyphosate resistance in goosegrass (Eleusine indica) emerges in south America Weed Science 67 1 48-56
Chahal, Parminder S, Irmak, S., Gaines, Todd A, Amundsen, K., Jugulam, Mithila, Jha, Prashant, Travlos, I., Jhala, A. J., (2018) Control of photosystem (PS) II- and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) in conventional corn Weed Technology 32 326-335
Vieira, Bruno C, Samuelson, Spencer L, Alves, Guilherme S, Gaines, Todd A, Werle, Rodrigo, Kruger, Greg R, (2018) Distribution of glyphosateâresistant Amaranthus spp. in Nebraska Pest Management Science 74 2316-2324
Pettinga, Dean Jacob, Ou, Junjun, Patterson, Eric, Jugulam, Mithila, Westra, Philip, Gaines, Todd A, (2018) Increased chalcone synthase (CHS) expression is associated with dicamba resistance in Kochia scoparia Pest management science 74 10 2306--2315
Figueiredo, Marcelo RA, Leibhart, Lacy J, Reicher, Zachary J, Tranel, Patrick J, Nissen, Scott J, Westra, Philip, Bernards, Mark L, Kruger, Greg R, Gaines, Todd A, Jugulam, Mithila, (2018) Metabolism of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid contributes to resistance in a common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) population Pest management science 74 10 2356--2362
Giacomini, Darci A, Gaines, Todd A, Beffa, Roland, Tranel, Patrick J, (2018) Optimizing RNAâseq studies to investigate herbicide resistance Pest management science 74 2260-2264
Kuepper, Anita, Manmathan, Harish Kumarimandhiram, Giacomini, Darci, Patterson, Eric, McCloskey, William, Gaines, Todd A, (2018) Population genetic structure in glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) populations using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) Frontiers in Plant Science 9 29
Beckie, Hugh J, Blackshaw, Robert E., Leeson, J, Stahlman, P. W., Gaines, Todd A, Johnson, Eric A., (2018) Seed bank persistence, germination and early growth of glyphosate-resistant Kochia scoparia Weed Research 58 177-187
Kuepper, Anita, Peter, Falco, Zöllner, Peter, Lorentz, Lothar, Tranel, Patrick J, Beffa, Roland, Gaines, Todd A, (2018) Tembotrione detoxification in HPPDâinhibitor resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) Pest management science 74 2325-2334
Van Horn, Christopher R, Gaines, Todd A, Ravet, Karl, Patterson, Eric, Beffa, R, Gille, S, Westra, Philip, (2018) "Transcriptomic analysis of Ambrosia trifida response to glyphosate: Overlap of cell death pathways between herbicide resistance and pathogen defense?" Pest management science 108 10
Nandula, Vijay K., Riechers, Dean E., Ferhatoglu, Yurdagul, Barrett, Michael, Duke, Stephen O., Dayan, Franck E, Goldberg-Cavalleri, Alina, Tetard-Jones, Catherine, Wortley, David J., Onkokesung, Nawaporn, Brazier-Hicks, Melissa, Edwards, Robert, Gaines, Todd A, Iwakami, Satoshi, Jugulam, Mithila, Ma, Rong, (2018) Herbicide Metabolism: Crop Selectivity, Bioactivation, Weed Resistance, and Regulation WEED SCIENCE 67 2 149-175
Patterson, Eric, Fleming, Margaret Brigham, Kessler, Kallie Christine, Nissen, Scott J, Gaines, Todd A, (2017) A KASP genotyping method to identify northern watermilfoil, Eurasian watermilfoil, and their interspecific hybrids Frontiers in Plant Science 8 752
Oliveira, M., Jhala, Amit J, Gaines, Todd A, Irmak, S., Amundsen, K., Knezevic, S. Z., (2017) Confirmation and control of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in Nebraska Weed Technology 31 67-79
FernĂĄndez-Escalada, Manuel, Zulet-GonzĂĄlez, Ainhoa, Gil-Monreal, Miriam, Zabalza, Ana, Ravet, Karl, Gaines, Todd A, Royuela, Mercedes, (2017) Effects of EPSPS copy number variation (CNV) and glyphosate application on the aromatic and branched chain amino acid synthesis pathways in Amaranthus palmeri Frontiers in Plant Science 8 1970
Patterson, Eric, Pettinga, Dean Jacob, Ravet, Karl, Neve, Paul, Gaines, Todd A, (2017) Glyphosate resistance and EPSPS gene duplication: Convergent evolution in multiple plant species Journal of Heredity
Van Horn, Christopher R, Moretti, Marcelo L, Robertson, Renae R, Segobye, Kabelo, Weller, Stephen C, Young, Bryan G, Johnson, William G, Schulz, Burkhard, Green, Amanda C, Jeffery, Taylor, Lesperance, M., Tardif, F., Sikkema, P., Hall, J Christopher, McLean, M., Lawton, M., Sammons, R. Douglas, Gaines, Todd A, (2017) Glyphosate resistance in Ambrosia trifida: Part 1. Novel rapid cell death response to glyphosate Pest Management Science
Moretti, Marcelo L, Van Horn, Christopher R, Robertson, Renae, Segobye, Kabelo, Weller, Stephen C, Young, Bryan G, Johnson, William G, Douglas Sammons, R, Wang, Dafu, Ge, Xia, dâAvignon, D. A., Gaines, Todd A, Westra, Philip, Green, A., Jeffery, T., Lesperance, M., Tardif, F., Sikkema, P., Hall, J Christopher, McLean, M., Lawton, M., Schulz, Burkhard, (2017) Glyphosate resistance in Ambrosia trifida: Part 2. Rapid response physiology and nonâtargetâsite resistance Pest Management Science
Kuepper, Anita, Borgato, Ednaldo A, Patterson, Eric, Netto, Acåcio Gonçalves, Nicolai, Marcelo, Carvalho, Saul JP de, Nissen, Scott J, Gaines, Todd A, Christoffoleti, Pedro J, (2017) Multiple resistance to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) identified in Brazil Weed Science 65 3 317-326
Busi, Roberto, Gaines, Todd A, Powles, Stephen, (2017) Phorate can reverse P450 metabolism-based herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum Pest Management Science 73 410-417
Sarangi, Debalin, Tyre, Andrew J, Patterson, Eric, Gaines, Todd A, Irmak, Suat, Knezevic, Stevan Z, Lindquist, John L, Jhala, Amit J, (2017) Pollen-mediated gene flow from glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer): consequences for the dispersal of resistance genes Scientific Reports 7 44913
Johnson, Jerry J, Haley, Scott D, Jones, Sally, Asfeld, Ed P, Meyer, Ron Francis, Trujillo, Wilma, Kaan, Dennis A, Roesch, K., Larson, Kevin, Vigil, Merle F, Pettinger, Brett Terrill, Novak, Rick Allen, Peairs, Frank B, Broders, Kirk Dale, Byrne, Patrick F, Gaines, Todd A, Westra, Philip, Walker, T., Erker, Brad, (2017) "TR17-4: Making Better Decisions, 2017 Colorado Winter Wheat Variety Performance Trials" Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station
Gaines, Todd A, Tranel, Patrick, Fleming, Margaret Brigham, Patterson, Eric, Kuepper, Anita, Ravet, Karl, Giacomini, Darci, Gonzalez, Susana, Beffa, Roland, (2017) "Applications of Genomics in Weed Science" CRC Press
Knezevic, Stevan, Jhala, Amitkumar, Gaines, Todd A, (2017) "Herbicide Resistance and Molecular Aspects" Elsevier 3 455-458
Oliveira, Maxwel C, Gaines, Todd A, Dayan, Franck E, Patterson, Eric, Jhala, Amit J, Knezevic, Stevan Z, (2017) Reversing resistance to tembotrione in an Amaranthus tuberculatus (var. rudis) population from Nebraska, USA with cytochrome P450 inhibitors Pest Management Science 74 2296-2305
Brunharo, Caio A. C. G., , Patterson, Eric, Carrijo, Daniela R., de Melo, Marcel S. C., , Nicolai, Marcelo, Gaines, Todd A, Nissen, Scott J, Christoffoleti, Pedro J., (2016) Confirmation and mechanism of glyphosate resistance in tall windmill grass (Chloris elata) from Brazil Pest Management Science 72 9 1758-1764
Gaines, Todd A, Barker, Abby Lynn, Patterson, Eric, Westra, Philip, Westra, Eric Philip, Wilson, Robert G., Jha, Prashant, Kumar, Vipan, Kniss, Andrew R., (2016) EPSPS gene copy number and whole-plant glyphosate resistance level in Kochia scoparia PLOS ONE 11 12 e0168295
Li, Zhenyi, Kessler, Kallie Christine, Figueiredo, Marcelo Rodrigues Alves de, , Nissen, Scott J, Gaines, Todd A, Westra, Philip, Acker, Rene C. Van, Hall, Christopher, Robinson, Darren E., Soltani, Nader, Sikkema, Peter H., (2016) Halosulfuron absorption, translocation, and metabolism in white and adzuki bean Weed Science 64 4 705-711
Kuepper, Anita, Borgato, E.A., Patterson, Eric, Netto, A GONĂALVES, , Nicolai, M, Carvalho, S.J.P., Nissen, Scott J, Gaines, Todd A, Christoffoleti, P.J., (2016) Multiple resistance to glyphosate and ALS inhibitors in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) identified in Brazil Weed Science
Gaines, Todd A, Barker, Abby Lynn, Patterson, Eric, Westra, Philip, Westra, Eric Philip, Wilson, Robert, Kniss, Andrew R, (2016) Prediction of glyphosate resistance level based on EPSPS gene copy number in Kochia scoparia bioRxiv 047878
Powles, Stephen B, Gaines, Todd A, (2016) Exploring the potential for a regulatory change to encourage diversity in herbicide use Weed Science 64 649-654
Christoffoleti, Pedro Jacob, Figueiredo, Marcelo, Pereira Peres, Lazaro Eustaquio, Nissen, Scott J, Gaines, Todd A, (2015) Auxinic herbicides, mechanisms of action, and weed resistance: A look into recent plant science advances Scientia Agricola 72 4 356-362
Wiersma, A.T., Gaines, Todd A, Preston, C., Hamilton, J.P., Giacomini, D., Buell, C Robin, Leach, Jan E, Westra, Philip, (2015) Gene amplification of 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in glyphosate-resistant Kochia scoparia Planta 241 463-474
Lorentz, L, Gaines, Todd A, Nissen, Scott J, Westra, Philip, Strek, H., Dehne, H.W., Ruiz-Santaella, J. P., Beffa, R, (2014) Characterization of glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus tuberculatus populations Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62 8134-8142
Sammons, Douglas R, Gaines, Todd A, (2014) Glyphosate resistance: State of knowledge Pest Management Science 70 1367-1377
Busi, Roberto, Gaines, Todd A, Vila-Aiub, Martin M, Powles, Stephen B, (2014) Inheritance of evolved resistance to a novel herbicide (pyroxasulfone) Plant Science 217 127-134
Vila-Aiub, Martin M, Goh, Sou S, Gaines, Todd A, Han, Heping, Busi, Roberto, Yu, Qin, Powles, Stephen B, (2014) No fitness cost of glyphosate resistance endowed by massive EPSPS gene amplification in Amaranthus palmeri Planta 239 793-801
Gaines, Todd A, Lorentz, Lothar, Figge, Andrea, Herrmann, Johannes, Maiwald, Frank, Ott, MarkâChristoph, Han, Heping, Busi, Roberto, Yu, Qin, Powles, Stephen B, Beffa, R, (2014) RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis to identify genes involved in metabolism-based diclofop resistance in Lolium rigidum The Plant Journal 78 865-876
Busi, Roberto, VilaâAiub, Martin M, Beckie, Hugh J, Gaines, Todd A, Goggin, Danica E, Kaundun, Shiv S, Lacoste, Myrtille, Neve, Paul, Nissen, Scott J, Norsworthy, Jason K, Renton, Michael, Shaner, Dale L, Tranel, Patrick J, Wright, Terry, Yu, Qin, Powles, Stephen B, (2013) Herbicide-resistant weeds: from research and knowledge to future needs Evolutionary Applications 6 8 1218-1221
Gaines, Todd A, Wright, A.A., Molin, W.M., Lorentz, L., Riggins, C. W., Tranel, P. J., Beffa, R., Westra, Philip, Powles, S.B., (2013) Identification of genetic elements associated with EPSPS gene amplification PLOS One 8 6 e65819
Gaines, Todd A, Cripps, Andrew, Powles, Stephen B, (2012) Evolved resistance to glyphosate in junglerice (Echinochloa colona) from the tropical Ord River region in Australia Weed Technology 26 3 480-484
Gaines, Todd A, Ward, Sarah M, Bukun, B., Preston, C., Leach, Jan E, Westra, Philip, (2012) Interspecific hybridization transfers a previously unknown glyphosate resistance mechanism in Amaranthus species Evolutionary Applications 5 29-38
Busi, R., Gaines, Todd A, Walsh, M. J., Powles, S.B., (2012) Understanding the potential for resistance evolution to the new herbicide pyroxasulfone: field selection at high doses versus recurrent selection at low doses Weed Research 52 489-499
Gaines, Todd A, Ward, Sarah M, Bukun, B, Preston, C, Leach, Jan E, Westra, Philip, (2012) Interspecific hybridization transfers a previously unknown glyphosate resistance mechanism in Amaranthus species. Evolutionary applications 5 1 29-38
Gaines, Todd A, Ward, Sarah M, Bukun, Bekir, Preston, Christopher, Leach, Jan E, Westra, Philip, (2011) Data from: Interspecific hybridization transfers a previously unknown glyphosate resistance mechanism in Amaranthus species
Gaines, Todd A, Shaner, D. L., Ward, Sarah M, Leach, Jan E, Preston, C., Westra, Philip, (2011) Mechanism of resistance of evolved glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 5886-5889
Gaines, Todd A, Shaner, D L, Ward, Sarah M, Leach, Jan E, Preston, C, Westra, Philip, (2011) Mechanism of resistance of evolved glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 59 11 5886-9
Gaines, Todd A, Zhang, W., Wang, D., Bukun, B., Chisholm, Stephen T, Shaner, D. L., Nissen, Scott J, Patzoldt, W. L., Tranel, P. J., Culpepper, A. S., Grey, T. L., Webster, T. M., Vencill, W. K., Sammons, R. D., Jiang, J.M., Preston, C., Leach, Jan E, Westra, Philip, (2010) Gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 3 1029-1034
Gaines, Todd A, Zhang, W, Wang, D, Bukun, B, Chisholm, Stephen T, Shaner, D L, Nissen, Scott J, Patzoldt, W L, Tranel, P J, Culpepper, A S, Grey, T L, Webster, T M, Vencill, W K, Sammons, R D, Jiang, J, Preston, C, Leach, Jan E, Westra, Philip, (2010) Gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 3 1029-34
Bukun, Bekir, Gaines, Todd A, Nissen, Scott J, Westra, Philip, Brunk, Galen R, Shaner, Dale L, Sleugh, Byron B, Peterson, Vanelle F, (2009) Aminopyralid and clopyralid absorption and translocation in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) Weed Science 57 1 10-15
Westra, Philip, Nissen, Scott J, Gaines, Todd A, Bekun, B, Lindenmayer, B, Shaner, Dale L, (2008) "Aminocyclopyrachlor for invasive weed management and restoration grass safety in the central great plains" 63 203
Byrne, Patrick F, Gaines, Todd A, Westra, Philip, Henry, W B, Nissen, Scott J, Chapman, P, Harrington, Judith Eileen, (2008) "Estimating gene flow from wheat to wheat and wheat to jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)" CSU Agricultural Experiment Station TB08-03
Gaines, Todd A, Brien Henry, W, Byrne, Patrick F, Westra, Philip, Nissen, Scott J, Shaner, Dale L, (2008) Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) by imidazolinone-resistant wheat hybridization under field conditions Weed Science 56 1 32â36
Westra, Philip, Wilson, Robert G, Miller, Stephen D, Stahlman, Phillip W, Wicks, Gail W, Chapman, Phillip L, Withrow, John, Legg, David, Alford, Craig, Gaines, Todd A, (2008) Weed population dynamics after six years under glyphosate-and conventional herbicide-based weed control strategies Crop Science 48 3 1170-1177
Gaines, Todd A, Preston, Christopher, Byrne, Patrick F, Henry, W Brien, Westra, Philip, (2007) Adventitious presence of herbicide resistant wheat in certified and farm-saved seed lots Crop Science 47 2 751â754
Gaines, Todd A, Byrne, Patrick F, Westra, Philip, Nissen, Scott J, Henry, W Brien, Shaner, Dale L, Chapman, Phillip Lee, (2007) An empirically derived model of field-scale gene flow in winter wheat Crop Science 47 6 2308â2316
Broderick, Samuel, Chapman, Phillip Lee, Byrne, Patrick F, Gaines, Todd A, (2007) Tolerance Intervals for Gene Flow Rates from Transgenic to Non-Transgenic Wheat and Corn Using a Logistic Regression Model with Random Location Effects
Gaines, Todd A, Byrne, Pat, Westra, Phil, Nissen, Scott J, Henry, Brien, Shaner, Dale L, Chapman, Phil, (2006) Gene Flow in Wheat and Jointed Goatgrass at the Landscape Level.
Gaines, Todd A, Byrne, Patrick F, Westra, Phil, Nissen, Scott J, Henry, W Brien, Hanson, Brad, Belles, David, Shaner, Dale L, (2005) Estimating Landscape Level Gene Flow in Wheat and Jointed Goatgrass. Parameters 1 1.6 1--8
Gaines, Todd A, Byrne, Patrick F, Westra, Phil, Nissen, Scott J, Henry, W Brien, Hanson, Brad, Belles, David, Shaner, Dale L, (2005) Estimating Landscape Level Gene Flow in Wheat and Jointed Goatgrass. Parameters 1 1.6 1â8